A Robust Cost Leadership Strategy Marketing Essay

A Robust Cost Leadership Strategy Marketing Essay As the business environment become even more dynamic, a robust cost leadership strategy within the framework of corporate strategy is vital in order to ensure the success of the organization. It should provide the direction that the whole organization can pursue to secure the companys future survival and success. There are types of generic strategies that companies must possess to achieve competitive advantage. The first generic strategy is cost leadership strategy and the others are differentiation and focus strategies. Competitive advantage can be defined as anything which gives one organization an edge over its rival in the products it sell or the services it offers. In general, cost leadership is about being the lowest cost producer in the industry. For an organization to gain competitive advantage, it must achieve overall cost leadership in an industry it is competing in. For companies competing in a price-sensitive market, cost leadership is the strategic imperative of the entire organization. It is vitally important for these companies to have a thorough comprehension of their costs and cost drivers in order to pursue a cost leadership strategy. They also need to fully understand their targeted customer groups definition of quality, usually denoted in terms of design specifications, contractual requirements, delivery and services at the lowest possible cost. Of particular importance will be for the company to attain a cost level that is low relative to its competitors. Cost Leadership Strategy This strategy according to Porter, involves the firm winning market share by strategizing to cost-conscious or price-sensitive customers. This is achieved by having the lowest prices in the target market segment, or at least the lowest price to value ratio (price compared to what customers receive). To succeed at offering the lowest price while still achieving profitability and a high return on investment, the firm must be able to operate at a lower cost than its rivals. There are three main ways to achieve this. The first approach or way is achieving a high asset turnover. In manufacturing, it will involve production of high volumes of output. These approaches mean fixed costs are spread over a larger number of units of the product or service, resulting in a lower unit cost, for an example the firm hopes to take advantage of economies of scale and experience curve effects. For industrial firms, mass production becomes both a strategy and an end in itself. Higher levels of output both require and result in high market share, and create an entry barrier to potential competitors, who may be unable to achieve the scale necessary to match the firm low costs and prices. The second way is achieving low direct and indirect operating costs. This is achieved by offering high volumes of standardized products, offering basic no-frills products and limiting customization and personalization of service. Production costs are kept low by using fewer components, using standard components, and limiting the number of models produced to ensure larger production runs. Overheads are kept low by paying low wages, locating premises in low rent areas, establishing a cost-conscious culture, etc. Maintaining this strategy requires a continuous search for cost reductions in all aspects of the business. This will include outsourcing, controlling production costs, increasing asset capacity utilization, and minimizing other costs including distribution, RD and advertising. The associated distribution strategy is to obtain the most extensive distribution possible. Promotional strategy often involves trying to make a virtue out of low cost product features. The third dimension is control over the supply/procurement chain to ensure low costs. This could be achieved by bulk buying to enjoy quantity discounts, squeezing suppliers on price, instituting competitive bidding for contracts, working with vendors to keep inventories low using methods such as Just-in-Time purchasing or Vendor-Managed Inventory. Wal-Mart is famous for squeezing its suppliers to ensure low prices for its goods. Dell Computer initially achieved market share by keeping inventories low and only building computers to order. Other procurement advantages could come from preferential access to raw materials, or backward integration. Some writers claim that cost leadership strategies are only viable for large firms with the opportunity to enjoy economies of scale and large production volumes. However, this takes a limited industrial view of strategy. Small businesses can also be cost leaders if they enjoy any advantages conducive to low costs. For example, a local restaurant in a low rent location can attract price-sensitive customers if it offers a limited menu, rapid table turnover and employs staff on minimum wage. Innovation of products or processes may also enable a startup or small company to offer a cheaper product or service where incumbents costs and prices have become too high. The Starbucks Company Starbucks used mostly a differentiation strategy; however it had also used a cost leadership strategy. Its differentiation strategy was exemplified by their stores providing an experience, offering interesting coffee-related drinks in a theatrical kind of atmosphere, their unique Coffee blending and roasting process which enabled them to create an extensive product variety, their employees received great deal of training to become very knowledgeable about coffee in order to provide an exceptional service to increasingly coffee-educated consumers, and their ability to find the perfect location for their stores enabled them to maximize market share in a given area of a city and build their regional reputation which then increased their image to a national level of high prestige and status. For all these reasons, consumers were willing to pay a premium. Their cost leadership strategy was exemplified by their supply chain operations where they received the best transportation rates, and were able to achieve economies of scale by eliminating redundancy and maximize efficiency. Starbucks was also a cost leader due to its good relationship with coffee exporters who were very anxious to become Starbucks suppliers; a fact that enabled the company to get better prices and reduce bean-sourcing costs. The activities that created superior value for Starbucks retail coffee-house business were: Procurement purchased more high quality coffee than anyone else in the world. Technological Development a lot of research was put into the roasting and blending process to create unique tastes. Human Resource Management extensive training and educating of employees (baristas) and turning them into part of the organizational culture. Outbound Logistics finding good Real estate to maximize market share in certain area and provide the coffee in key places to consumers. The Nestle Company Nestlà © with headquarters in Vevey, Switzerland was founded in 1866 by Henri Nestlà © and is today the worlds biggest food and beverage company. They employ around 250,000 people and have factories or operations in almost every country in the world. The Companys strategies are guided by several fundamental principles. Nestlà ©s existing products grow through innovation and renovation while maintaining a balance in geographic activities and product lines. Long-term potential is never sacrificed for short-term performance. The Companys priority is to bring the best and most relevant products to people, wherever they are, whatever their needs, throughout their lives. Nestlà © Company has aimed to build a business based on sound human values and principles. Nestlà © believes in making a long-term commitment to the health and wellbeing of people in every country in the scope of their operations. At Nestlà © Significant differentiation from traditional retail and less price transpar ency is followed. They follow this differentiation strategy to reduce the risk of complexity of supply chain and lower attractiveness for discounters. Pepsi Co merged with the Quaker Oats Company, creating the worlds fifth-largest food and beverage company, with 15 brands each generating more than $1 billion in annual retail sales. Pepsi Co follows the differentiation strategy. Their ability to innovate is their competitive advantage. They look for opportunities to capitalize on the value of their brands by creating new products and varieties. By innovating to meet consumer needs and preferences, they fill consumption gaps and contribute to create both healthier and indulgent choices for consumers, and bringing more enjoyment to their lives. As you can see, Nestle also uses the differentiation strategy for cost leadership strategy just like the Coca cola Company. This shows that the customers are asking for a change. They want revolution in the products. That is what these two companies are doing to keep alive and top in what they do. Conclusion As conclusion, I would like to say that cost leadership strategy is used by organizations to lower the cost used for business and enhance the productivity and profit. This is a very good strategy to be used in a business.

The Death of the Author by Roland Barthes

The Death of the Author by Roland Barthes In this essay I am going to write about Roland Barthes concept of The Death of the Author and how it applies to class and taste in the work of Tracey Emin. The reason why I am investigating this is that I want to show how different classes views work differently. my theory is that if your brought up in a similar class to someone else then your views on art work will be similar. the essay is divided into 3 section. Section 1 I will be talking about the Roland Barthes concept of The Death of the Author which is an essay on who holds the meaning of any text/ artwork is it the author or the reader, he says as soon as the author present their work the meaning behind the creation dies, so the new meaning lies behind the reader, I will also be explain what Michel Foucault theory is which is contrasting to Barthes theory, I will be using Martin Parr mainly looking at his series for Last resort 1983-85. Section 2 I will be describing what class and taste is, I will also be introducing critical perspectives such as Marxism and Feminism. Introducing some key theorist including Pierre Bourdieu and Antonio Gramsci. I will be using Grayson Perrys Tapestries for the series the vanity of small differences 2009 that he created that explores class and taste. Section 3 will be my main case study and I will be discussing Tracey Emins work in terms of class and taste and how Barthes theory applies to her work. This framework shouldnt be biased on Marxist view or a feminism view because I am looking at what people think of Emins work what class and taste does it have and what she has. Also to see whether The Death of the Author applies to her work. Does she hold the meaning or does the viewer. In this section I am going to be exploring the work of Roland Barthes. Barthes was born in 1915 and died in 1980, he was a French literary theorist, philosopher, linguist, critic and semiotician. Barthe wrote an influential essay called The Death of the Author. This essay was first published in a French journal in 1968. It was then re-published in 1977 in an anthology of Barthes essays called image-music-text. The Death of the Author is written in a semiotic framework. A British visual semioticians called Daniel Chandler defines semiotics as is the study of signs (chandler,1994). Semiotics and signs are split into 2 which are signifier and the signified, a signifier the form which the sign takes and a signified the concept it represents. In this essay that I am writing about Barthes argues against the method of reading, nobody reads the description about picture first they are intrigued and get lost in the picture itself, he says that the reader has full control on what the context is all about, leaving their own mark on the meaning of a particular artwork for an example the Piss Christ created by Andres Serrano photographed in 1989 (see figure 1) his intentions with this image was to show how we all use this motif as a fashion accessory which people are not horrified by it all, but what it represents is the crucifixion of a man that will hold meaning forever not just to religious people, it has become well known. It caused controversy for more than two decades by art critics and religion, Christians found the art work very offensive, this art work was severely damaged in several places it has been exhibited. Art critic Jesse Helms had only one view on Piss Christ even after reading the synopsis serrano is not an artist. He is a Jerk (Brooks, 2014). I disagree with Helms view due to what his intentions where. This essay addresses the lack of power of the authors in reading and analysing text/ artwork, this shows that reader or viewer ignores the authors and work background and focus on the work itself. When critically analysing a writing/ art work Barthes says the author, his person, his life, his tastes, his passions (Barthes P.383) what I think Barthes is trying to say is that when we analyze work whatever the outcome whether its success or failure the author is forced to take full responsibility of the work they present, its his work. Serrano had intentions to present the work but he wanted it to show that we use the Christ as a fashion accessory but in fact this work was failure to present his idea to the world but he did succeed as this work managed to cause controversy to everyone. In The Death of the Author Barthes discusses the text itself appearing as copied from other works. The intention of the text could be misleading due to the translation from the author to text then to the reader this is due to the subjectivity of the reader, different levels of education would read this text differently and get their own interpretation of the text. This point ultimately leads to Barthes main point: the reader holds more responsibility to the text than the author. The difficulty of different connotations and experiences that come from the author into the text are compressed and flattened when it arrives to the reader. The reader comes empty handed and is completely self-engaged with the image presented. It is as if a sculpture, a three dimensional work, is photographed, reduced to two dimensions. So much information is condensed and made out-of-the-way to the viewer. Barthes makes the point that the origin of a work may lie with the author, but its destination is with the reader. Meaning that the original meaning lies with the author and some of that is noticed but the real notice is but the reader. I believe this as you never read the text to see what its about, you read the picture get your own connotations from it and then read the text if you can be bothered to do so. Barthes puts a point across of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the birth of the reader must be at the cost of The Death of the Author. (Barthes cited in Dayton, 1998, P.386). I believe that the reader holds the majority of the meaning but the author holds some meaning, especially if the author has a description of the image next to it, which the reader can then read to find out the background of the image can could give a different perspective on the work that could be what the author is trying to do or lead to a completely different to what the reader and the author is portraying. Barthes goes on to say a text consists of multiple writings, issuing from several cultures and entering into dialogue with each other à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. But there is one place where this multiplicity is collected, united, and this place is not the author, as we have hitherto said it was, but the reader (Barthes 1968 P.6) I believe what he is trying to say here is that when people say a picture holds a thousand words doesnt mean a thousand words in a culture but each culture places their words of meaning into an image, these words are then collated with each other to bring a final meaning to a picture. So Barthes is saying Millions of minds working together is better than one mind coming up with the meaning behind an+ image. Even if the meaning has a particular journey to get there. Barthes states that the author is only a way through which a story is told. They have already been done by the journey of the particular image. But still the meaning behind an image still lays on the reader(s). if the reader was to view the work through the eye of the author then they will not gain any benefit from viewing an image. Barthes is saying that when we view an image without a text we immediately can relate to the image in a certain way, if they dont then they are only stuck with the authors thoughts and intentions, which will not go far for the author. I think this is true because the author likes to know what the readers think of their work they are interested in the positives but most interested in the negatives, due to their personal experience that the image has recreated. (Atchison, 2016) It appears that when Barthes says the birth of the reader must come at the cost of The Death of the Author, it would help the reader to interpretation and understand the image if they were some to non-connection between the author and the image. I believe that the author will never be completely dead. The thought process and the process of the image has some meaning to the image. Barthes said that the author should get neither praise for a good book not blamed for a bad one this is insinuating that the authors need labels, I believe that readers are responsible for the continued presence of the author. As well as the authors own interests in being involved. The author is stuck between death and alive the author cant control what the viewers see of their work neither does he have a massive say on what they mean. For an example Martin Parrs work who I will introduce further in the essay, when we view his work we immediately know its him due to his artistic approach so we know immediate ly know what the work would be about, so the meaning holds with the author, whereas Tracey Emin who also will be introduced later in the essay, her work was viewed differently due to her fame, she wasnt known as much, her work was seen the opposite to what her intentions where. Only now as she became famous and more well-known her work is now seen as how she wanted it to be seen. Nevertheless, in comparison to what Barthes is saying which is the meaning of an image remains on the reader, Michel Foucault was mentioned in the book Practises of Looking. He says yes the viewer does make meaning but there is a place for the author input/ style. This is called the author function. He identifies multiple functions of the author of 3 ways: which are author as a legal construction so we rely on author copyright and charge on plagiarism, author as literary construction so we they build a story to go with the image and author as a unifying construction, this function shows our belief that authors are internally steady. (Kelley, 2011) We can see this theory in the work of Martin Parr mostly in his series of Last Resort, 1985. (see fig 2,3 and 4) A little description about this series by Parr, they were taken 1983 to 1985, which was a period of economic decline in northwest England. Parr picked a seaside resort that has passed its attractions designed to appeal to an economically depressed working class. Which are overcrowded beaches, video arcades, beauty competitions, chip chops and tea rooms. The series was exhibited at the serpentine gallery in London. Published as a book in 1986 and this set Parrs reputation as a photographer. Parr contrasts the traditional approach to documentary photography, he shows the working class seeking cheap thrills for pleasure. The typical documentary photographer photographs brits sought to worship the working class. In the 1980s The Last Resort was seen to be accused as to show what the economic policies of the conservative government led by Margaret Thatcher (Prime Minister 1979- 90). Parr was showing that Britain wasnt great due to thatcher, I was showing that it wasnt as good as she was telling us it was. We see a great division of meaning in his work, the north understood what Parr was trying to get across but the south sees his work as unartistic. Some critics understood Parrs illustration of what the economic lacked. Val William has read the image with a less politician approach, in her views, the last resort typifies Parrs keen eye for the strange. She commented theres no sarcasm in Parrs gaze, just interest, excitement and a real sense of the comedic (Williams, 2002 p.161). Parr himself has claimed, Im less interested in the fact that these people arent well off financially as in the fact that they have to deal with screaming kids, like anyone has to Im also interested in making the photographs work on another level, showing how British society is decaying; how this once great society is falling apart (Williams, 2002, p.160). I agree with Williams on what she is saying, Parr take images as it is with his same technique that he uses. They are no real approach to his work. Also what I think he is trying to portray what us as brits have to deal with when we are the working the class, we dont have much money for a luxury holid ay or to even live, the working class has to take the cheap route to be thrilled. In the DVD (the world according to Parr) David Hurn who is an English documentary photographer and member of the magnum photos, born in 1934, he stated he has managed to encapsulate the vulgarity of this period. What he is trying to say is that Parr encloses quality of being sophisticated at the period of time he was photographing. But other members of the magnum photos group they considered to be Thatcherite, portraying working class as scruffy, unintelligentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ butà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ he rapidly became a top earner. Which is what my original view of Parrs work was like until I read into why he was photographing. In the same source Val williamson who was his biographer and curator she refers to him as a traditional documentary photographer, although I disagree as traditional documentary photographers in the era he was photographing are mostly in black and white or desaturated images. Parrs images are very saturated which is completely different to what everyone else was doing around the same time as he the series of images that he was doing. But if you look at Parr image you know immediately it was created by him use to his aesthetics, of saturated colours, the randomness of what he is photographing and the quality of his images. In contrast critic Colin Jacobson comments that Parr is wacky colour photographyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ attractive to magazine editors (DVD) he also describes Parr as a gratuitously cruel social critic who has made large amounts of money by sneering at the foibles and pretensions of other people.. (Bishop 2005) he also mentions that He uses the same tools as forensic and medical photographers a macro lens coupled with a ring-flash and photographs his subjects methodically. (Jesse Alexander, 2008). Now I agree with what Jacobson is saying his technique is the same with no matter what the subject matter is and he isnt exactly exploring new ways to photograph but what I have explained earlier this is his way of photographing, and due to this we can identify his images and we know what his work is all about, so really the theory of Death of the author is not true as we know what his intentions are due to his technique. I agree with his wacky colours, I think around the time he was photographin g this is a new technique and it was different to what everyone else was doing thats why I think he was attracted to magazine companies. Kathryn Mussallem states similar to Jacobson, the use of a ring flash saturates the colours to an extreme making cheap crap look even cheaper and crappier. Now this is similar but this is more a negative answer compared to Jacobson. I do think when he photographs he, makes crap things look crappier, but thats my opinion even after knowing why he photographs like this I still think the same, nothing is as saturated as that. She also mentioned The entire world is now caught in the saturated embrace of global consumerism. This is referring to his technique and his style. In this section I will be defining class and taste, some key words that needs to be addressed and I will also be looking into the work of Grayson Perry though class and taste perspective. a Marxist would say group of people sharing common relations to labour and the means of production about what class is all about, but in the encyclopaedia Britannica says social class, (also called class) is a group of people within a society who possess the same socioeconomic status (Encyclopaedia Britannica). This exactly what I believe class is all about, I see they are different class in society that hold powers and certain assets to family and to their country. Which are very similar they both mean a group of people in a particular society that share similar statuses or power. David Hume a philosopher in the seventeen hundred he says taste refined ability to perceive quality in an artwork he thinks that taste is developed by education and experience (freeland, 2001, p6), whereas another philosopher Immanuel Kant from mid seventeen hundred to early eighteen hundreds says that taste directly linked to beauty which is inherent in the work itself. So taste does not serve basic human need. (Freeland, 2001, p6). Pierre Bourdieu thinks that taste is largely determined and controlled by the dominant, ruling class. In the author of practises of looking in the glossary tastes is shared artistic and cultural values of a particular social community or individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ taste is informed by experiences relating to ones class, cultural background, education, and other aspects of identity. (Sturken and Cartwright, 2001) I think taste is down to preference but I understand what these three are saying taste is down to what class a certain individual is in. higher class doesnt mean you have good taste neither does the opposite, but taste is defiantly found in how educated and well discipline you are. This is also referred to habitus which is the idea that our taste is connected and results from our social class or education. Our taste identifies our social class. They are high culture which is referred to one which only an elite can appreciate such as classical art, music, literature, ballet, opera. Lower culture seen as commercially produced and is accessible to lower classes. I personally think these doesnt determine what class or taste you come under due to lower class can like high culture, I can also say that high class will like lower cultured stuff. Again this is determined by how well educated you are. (Sturken and Cartwright, 2001) From the book Practises of Looking they are some key Marxist terms and theoretical areas that link to class and taste that I think are needed to express, these are Ideology, this is the system of ideas of the ruling class, which is the ruling class controls the lower class, for Althusser it was a lifeless process through which people accepted their place in society. I think this mean no matter what society youre from the people accepted this. The lower class accept that the ruling class can rule control them. They are also hegemony, this is Gramscis development of ideology, the dominant ideologies changes and challenges values and ideas of the less dominant class. The artist that I am going to write about for class and taste is Grayson Perry. The main focus art work(s) that I am focusing on are his 6 tapestries that he created based on class and taste, these are called the vanity of small differences. Perry was born in 1960s, his childhood has been a massive influence on his life, his teenager years he discovered he has an alter ego called Claire. In 2003 he won the turner prize. He is most famous for his large scaled pottery and extraordinary detail about transvestite potter. He is also a BAFTA-winning documentary maker; author; social commentator; curator and a lecturer. His tapestries are inspired by William Hogarths moral tale, who is an 18th century painter, Perrys tapestries follow the life of a fictional character called Tim Rakewell, as he develops from beginning through his teenage and middle years, to his untimely death in a car accident. The tapestries are rich in both content and colour and they show many weirdness and uniqueness that is associated with life in the UK. The composition of each tapestry also remembrances early Renaissance religious painting which draws us in to an art history. (Council, 2016) Perrys work is considered to be Kitsch due to his high saturation on his garments. Kitsch is defined as a German word for trash, and is used in English to describe particularly cheap, vulgar and sentimental forms of popular and commercial culture (tate, 2016). In this section I am going to talk about Tracey Emin and how different people in different classes view and read her work. I shall first talk about her. Tracey Emin was born in 1963 July, and she is an English artist known for her Narrative and confessional artwork. Her artwork is to challenge the subject matter and portrays a taboo. She also challenges feminism (explained later in the essay), the male gaze, class and taste. She challenges the working class root and everyday à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ She produces work in different media such as drawings, sculpture, film, photography, neon text and sewn applique. She was once a member of the Young British Artists in the 1980s but now she is a Royal Academician of the royal Academy of Arts. Critics say that she relies on tactics that shock rather than the actual talent. The main work I am going to focus on is Emins work My Bed (1998) (see figure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) and everyone I have ever slept with (see figure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) which are both representation alternative ways of viewing the bod., It shocked the nation when my bed was shortlisted for the 1999 turner prize. Women are usually idealized cleansed and sanitized compared to men, this sort of work is expected to be done by male therefore maybe this is why the my bed was a dramatic and disgusting piece of artwork to some society. Emin applies certain feminist ideas that presents the invisible nude, she offers symbolic gestures that indicate evidence of the body rather than the body itself. My Bed is the site of trauma and disgust, and with all the other dirt left intact. Her work is a self-expressionist piece that shows her personal trauma she claims that she produced is based on a mental breakdown that she had for 4 days, she quoted: I had a kind of mini nervous breakdownà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ didnt get out of bed for four daysà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ made my way back to my bedroom, and as I did I looked at my bedroom and thought, OH, my God. What if Id died and they found me here? (Christies, 2014, P.2) I can believe that she had a break down but I dont believe that she stayed in bed for four days. One thing I have noticed with Tracey Emins work is that she expresses an unusual side of feminism. The term feminism comes from 3 different waves of feminism; overall feminism is the suffegettes back in the 60s. Second wave feminism, refers mostly to the radical feminism of the womens liberation movement in the late 60s and early 70s. Third wave feminism is basically girls being girlier and be seen as strong, capable and confident social representatives, The Third Wave is sustained by the confidence of having more opportunities and less sexism this approach can be seen for all genders that power and taking control in situations are good third wave feminism people (Krolà ¸kke, 2005). Tracey Emins exclusive subject matter is her own life. At first it appears that My Bed, symbolises Emins feminist engagement, yet equally she challenges it. We are presented with the artists own bed, her most personal space, its her own bed yet it is covered in clutter, couple of suitcases behind the bed the duvet is messed up and ruffled up, it is also littered with Emins personal possessions, such as bloody underwear, urine-stained sheets and worn underwear, used condoms, dirty clothes, a partially used tube of KY Jelly, empty bottles of alcohol, cigarettes, and an over flowing cigarette tray. This to me shows her insecurity and imperfection. Some experiences revolve around the bed; birth (ideally to some women own bed/ hospital bed), sleep, dreams, sex, illness and death (in some cases), (Kent, 1994, p54). Women are controlled and defined by the bedroom through marriage and sex due to society, the bed suggests sexual convenience but also limited. Emin further explores this in Everyone I Have Ever Slept With (see fig à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦), we see names of everyone she has ever slept with in her bed, the more noticeable names are men, but then when you look deeper we see names such as her grandparents which are now showing everyone that has been in her bed with her, maybe for comfort. I think Emin tries to show that we shouldnt judge a book by its cover concept. Throughout her oeuvre she shows serious feminist questions about womens sexual responsibility and draws attention to late 20th century societys double standard. (Doyle, 2006, p.98). Emins subject matter is herself and her personal experiences, her style is more personal and reflects universal concerns Emins work are alternative and the unusual route towards feminism. Her work is disagreeing with the stereotyped Feminity from history. It is also contrasting the male Gaze. The Male Gaze was introduced by Laura Mulvey in 1975 who was a film feminist critic, it is about how visual art and literature show the world and women from a masculine point of view, women are objectified for male pleasure. The male gaze is the ideal woman to men for sexual pleasure. The male Gaze was created for advertising purposes, firstly gaze is a concept used for analysing visual cultureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ that deals with how an audience views the people presented the types of gaze are mostly branded by who is doing the looking, which is the audience. Women in the advertisement becomes whats being bought and sold. Meaning buy this product and you will either get the girl or become the girl, so for Emin my bed shows a contrast of women but showing the truth about what women are truly like. The male gaze presents women as clean and tidy, but Emin is showing them as untidy and dirty as to what every person is like. Emin has had many critical views of her work my bed and everyone I have ever slept with. My bed has received criticism that it is self- indulgent or not real art!. Some art critics describe Emin and her work as self-degrading, exhibitionist and even self-flagellating. A paper critic, Richard Dorment calls Emin a phoney. He wrote What interests me about Emin is not her relentless self-absorption, limitless self-pit or compulsion to confess the sad details of her past life, but that all of this adds up to so little of real interest. (Dorment, 2016) what I think he is trying to say is that she is a lazy artist that she thought anything was art and she covered this up with a life story that is traumatic. Linking this back to section one and my opinion, I think if we didnt know the history behind creation of this installation we wouldnt feel the same with what the outcome was knowing why she created these art pieces. On different note the Saatchi gallery, the gallery that owns this work, and Saatchi writes that Emin work is A consummate storyteller, Tracey Emin engages the viewer with her candid exploration of universal emotions (gallery, 2016) he is saying that she is an excellent story teller she engages every viewer with her honest study of general passions. Even in all classes they all have their own thoughts on it, even if its a positive or negative. Journalist and author of dangerous women Liz Hoggard says that my bed had the most powerful effect on my life. For women of my generation, it broke so many taboos about the body, sexuality, shame maybe this was the start of anti-male gaze, I think Emin had a massive influence on female society but not so much on the male (Hoggard, 2015). also Jonathan Jones says Emin wasnt really doing anything new. I understand what he is trying to get across due to Robert Rauschenberg put his own bed into a museum in 1955 (see fig à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) he also says she rubs our noses in reality, in a way that subverts all our illusions, fantasies, snobberies and repressions, those barriers we put up between us and death. So we see a two side of Jones he is saying that she isnt doing art as we have already seen it before but also saying that its new art that pulls the reader into reality of living. See this critical analysis of Emins work is what Foucault is saying, if Emin didnt give detail on what my b ed is about he would just think that its already been done, but because they is a story behind my bed he is agreeing with the author function. Barthes, Roland. The Death of the Author. Art and Interpretation: An Anthology of Readings in Aesthetics and the Philosophy of Art. Ed. Eric Dayton. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview, 1998. 383-386. Print. Book Chandler, D. (1994). Semiotics for Beginners by Daniel Chandler. [online] Visual-memory.co.uk. Available at: http://visual-memory.co.uk/daniel/Documents/S4B/ [Accessed 15 Nov. 2016]. website Kelley, J. (2011). What does Foucault mean by the author-function in his essay What Is an Author ? | eNotes. [online] eNotes. Available at: http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-does-foucault-mean-by-author-function-his-248608 [Accessed 15 Nov. 2016]. website Imagine, The World According to Parr, 22:35 03/12/2003, BBC1 London, 50 mins. https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/004B986D (Accessed 21 Nov 2016) video Williams, V. (2002). Martin Parr. 1st ed. London: Phaidon. Book Christies, (2014). TRACEY EMINS MY BED ON THE MARKET FOR THE FIRST TIME YBA ICON SOLD TO BENEFIT THE SAATCHI GALLERYS FOUNDATION. 1st ed. [ebook] London: Press Release, p.2. Available at: http://www.christies.com/presscenter/pdf/2014/RELEASE_TRACEY_EMINS_MY_BED.pdf [Accessed 21st Nov 2016]. Website Krolà ¸kke, C. and Sà ¸rensen, A. (2005). Gender communication theories analyses. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Book Kent, S. (1994). Shark infested waters. 1st ed. London: Zwemmer. Book Merck, Mandy and Townsend, Chris, The Art of Tracey Emin, (London: Thames and Hudson, 2002) book Doyle, J. (2006). Sex objects. 1st ed. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Book Imagine: The World According to Parr. BBC1 3rd December 2003 video Dawber, S (2004) Martin Parrs Suburban Vision. Third Text. Vol18, Issue 3. p251-262. Papers Bishop,B (2005) Martin Parrs true colors. Online http://www.parisvoice.com/photography/35-martin-parrs-true-colors [assessed: 21 Nov 2016] Jesse Alexander, 2008 online http://www.jessealexander.co.uk/pages/writing/2008_6_parrworld.pdf [assessed: 21 Nov 2016] Dorment, R. (2016). Is it art?. [online] Telegraph.co.uk. Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturepicturegalleries/8216563/Is-it-art.html?image=8 [Accessed 21 Nov. 2016]. Online Gallery, S. (2016). Tracey Emin My Bed Contemporary Art. [online] Saatchigallery.com. Available at: https://www.saatchigallery.com/artists/artpages/tracey_emin_my_bed.htm [Accessed 21 Nov. 2016]. Council, B. (2016). Grayson Perry: The Vanity of Small Differences | Touring | Exhibitions | British Council à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Visual Arts. [online] Visualarts.britishcouncil.org. Available at: http://visualarts.britishcouncil.org/exhibitions/touring/grayson-perry-the-vanity-of-small-differences [Accessed 25 Nov. 2016]. Tate.org.uk. (2016). Kitsch. [online] Available at: http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/k/kitsch [Accessed 28 Dec. 2016]. Figure 1 Serrano, A. (1987). Immersion (Piss Christ). [image] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piss_Christ [Accessed 30 Dec. 2016]. Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12

A Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay -- Literary Analysis, Shakespeare, Cla

Your eyelids are heavy and your mind is fogging, finally they close altogether with the weight of the eyelids and in a few minutes you have fallen into slumber. You wake up with a vivid image in your mind, but you have no inkling as to what it means. It was just a dream. Whether people can recall it or not, everyone dreams. A dream, some may argue is irrelevant; images assorted together creating nonsense. Others depict a dream as a message our mind is telling us about. Throughout the day, the mind subconsciously picks up pieces of our daily life, whether they are thoughts, emotions, ideas, or interactions. When we sleep, our brain organizes and analysis these thoughts and puts them together like a puzzle creating images we might have missed during our waking hours. The brain naturally resists chaos and is attuned to order and organization and therefore sees past the chaos and malfunctions, it begins to matrix things, such as images in the clouds. It is through dreaming that these ima ges sort out all the chaos in the ordinary daily life and reveals a bizarre and unrealistic world, which is a reflection of the unstable reality that is actually lived in. Reality is considered unstable because it is constantly changing, moving and transforming into something else whether people are aging, dying or being born. It is a constantly changing factor that people refuse to accept and it is in our dreams that it is revealed. It is in this dream world where Shakespeare and Carroll use fantastical characters, such as fairies and the White Rabbit to exemplify the daily interactions one must make to seek the truth. It is in the court and woods, where everything is turned upside down and where what is right is wrong and what one knows, are no longe... ...nuously move to get somewhere and when they find they are looking for, they still have to keep going. The characters met through the journey represent the logical and illogical strangers that people face every day and some may help while others might pull them down. These interactions are significant because every interaction and actions affect a person even if it isn’t all that clear. Time is the biggest factor in how reality is unstable. No matter what a person does, time is constantly there and every second is a second past. The main reason it is not stable is because it is always changing and moving and whether one likes it or not, no one can change time. In a dream, time is not a factor and characters met can have no significance and in a dream, just for those few hours, the world can be a perfect and stable place, at least just until it’s time to wake up.

Moral Dilemma Essay -- Philosophy Essays

Moral Dilemma As human beings, we are forced to accept the inevitability of being unwillingly confronted with situations that test the strength of our morality and character. In the midst of deep moral conflict we become immensely introspective and we follow our intuition with the hopes of it guiding us towards the morally correct decision. However, how can we be sure that we have acted morally in a situation that is so morbid and perverse that our intuition is completely torn? This is the dilemma that is faced by the mother who is given a terrible choice by a Nazi officer: either the officer will kill all three of her children, or the mother must kill one in order preserve the lives of the other two. In this situation, guilt remorse and intense emotional pain are unavoidable, thus the mother is forced to reflect upon her intrinsic morals and values to guide her choice, however horrific it may be. In beginning to tackle this terrible dilemma, a fundamental aspect of this situation must first be realized: it is a woman who is faced with this crippling decision. Although subtle, there is an insinuation behind this that will ultimately play a large role in the determination of the final decision. In assigning the moral responsibility to a woman, and more specifically a mother, there is an implication that a different and distinct type of moral deliberation comes into play. In a study performed by psychologist Carol Gillian, it was found that the moral reasoning of a group of women was "typically more embedded in a context of particular others than was the reasoning or a comparable group of men" (Held 724). When we focus on the experience of women we are "able to see a set of moral concerns becoming ... ...nt emotion as a part of morality, we must regard every action in the same context, and this is clearly an impossibility for us as human beings. We appreciate and understand that we are all practical, emotional beings as opposed to rational, calculating beings. Thus, we allow our emotions to influence what actions we deem as morally acceptable and it is only natural that they should be an integral part of moral deliberation. In any situation as atrocious as this, the correct line of moral action is not always clear. However, in considering both emotion and reason, it is possible to reach a moral decision. Sometimes when we are put in situations against our will our intuition is torn and making the right decision can be difficult. The only thing we can do in these situations is turn introspectively to our feelings and reason, and understand that we are only human.

Relationships Between Parents and Children in Poetry Essay

Many poets use poetry to express their feelings on their relationships with their parents or children. ‘Poem at Thirty-Nine’ by Alice Walker is about a girl who has grown into an adult and is thinking back to when she was younger. In the poem she talks about how much she misses her father because he has passed away. ‘Piano’ by D.H. Lawrence is about a man that is reminded of his mother who always played the piano for him because of a woman that he hears singing. ‘A Mother in a Refugee Camp’ by Chinua Achebe is about a woman that is in a refugee camp with her young child who is so sick that he is sure to die soon. ‘Poem at Thirty-Nine’ presents childhood as a lonely, emotional experience. The woman in this poem has many fond memories of her father but she also has a lot of regret. She misses him very much and she is sad because she wishes she could have spent more time with him when she was a young girl. In the poem she says, â€Å"How I miss my father. I wish he had not been so tired when I was born.† She wishes that her father wasn’t too exhausted to spend time with her when she was a young girl. The reader probably feels sorry for the little girl and some people may feel like they can relate to the girl when it comes to spending time with parents. This also relates to ‘Do not go gentle into that good night’ because the man in this poem also misses his father except he isn’t dead yet. He doesn’t want him to die. ‘Piano’ presents childhood as safe, secure and serene. As like in ‘Poem at Thirty-Nine’ the man has fo nd memories of time spent with his mother who he misses so much that it brings him to tears to think back to his childhood. The poem says, â€Å"Down in the flood of remembrance, I weep like a child for the past†. As he remembers his childhood, he begins to cry because he misses the times with his mother. It is unusual for a man to cry and he was embarrassed because men did not cry in the early 1900’s. This makes the reader think back to childhood memories that they miss and they can relate to the poem just like readers can relate to ‘Poem at Thirty-Nine’ because they both stress realistic topics that apply to many people. ‘Half Past Two’ is also similar to ‘Piano’ because it talks about missing childhood and it presents childhood as a carefree time. ‘A Mother in a Refugee Camp’ presents childhood as a time of pain and suffering. The boy in this poem does not have fond memories of childhood because of his difficult lifestyle and he is  very ill. The poem says, â€Å"Now she did it like putting flowers on a tiny grave†. The boy’s mother is being delicate and combing her son’s hair as if she was putting flowers on a tiny grave because he is dying. This makes the reader very sympathetic towards the mother because she loves her son with all her heart but yet she has to watch him die which is very hard for her. ‘A Mother in a Refugee Camp’ can relate to ‘My Parents Kept me from Children who were Rough’ because the parents in these poems are trying to do the best for their son. In ‘Poem at Thirty-Nine’, Alice Walker uses imagery to portray herself as a woman who has inherited qualities and characteristics that her father possessed. This is shown when she uses the simile â€Å"He cooked like a person dancing in a yoga meditation† which suggests that her father is trance-like when he cooks and this shows that although he was often very strict with her, her father had a calm, laid back side. She has grown up to be like him and she believes that her father would be proud to see the woman that she has grown up to be. The metaphor â€Å"seasoning one of my life the same way twice† shows that Alice Walker is spontaneous and her life has no routine and this may be something that she has inherited from her father. ‘Piano’ uses a nostalgic image to emphasize how much D.H. Lawrence misses his childhood. The poem refers to â€Å"old Sunday evenings at home† and â€Å"hymns in the cosy parlour†. This creates a warm, homely image leading the reader to think that the boy comes from a loving home. ‘Piano’ also uses the simile â€Å"I weep like a child for the past† to emphasize how much the poet misses his childhood. He is crying openly because he wants to be a child again. The metaphor â€Å"a flood of remembrance† describes his memories rushing back all at once and this creates an overwhelming feeling for him. When ‘A Mother in a Refugee Camp’ says, â€Å"The air was heavy with odors of diarrhea, of unwashed children with washed-out ribs and dried up bottoms waddling in labored steps† it appeals to the sense of the reader and it gives them an unpleasant image. This gives the reader the idea that the conditions are absolutely terrible and may even make some people sick to the stomach. It gives them a picture of the poverty and illness that is presents in war torn countries around the world. In ‘Poem at Thirty-Nine’ I found it interesting when Alice Walker said, â€Å"He taught me how† because this is saying that her father was a role model for her and she learned a lot from him. This makes the reader think that the father set a good example for her. ‘Poem at Thirty-Nine’ also uses a euphemism for death when it says, â€Å"Though many truths must have grieved him before the end†. She doesn’t actually want to say that he died because it probably makes her sad. In ‘Piano’ I find it interesting when D.H. Lawrence said, â€Å"In spite of myself, the insidious mastery of song†. He is trying to fight against the memory of his childhood because it makes him sad. â€Å"Insidious mastery of song† is a powerful tool which is saying that the mastery of the song that he is hearing betrays him back to his childhood. ‘A Mother in a Refugee Camp’ makes good use of ellipsis. It says, â€Å"Her tenderness for a song she would soon have to forget†¦.† This foreshadows the child’s death. This makes the reader feel sorry for the mother and it also makes them sad. The poem also uses interesting vocabulary when it says, â€Å"Before his breakfast and school; now she did it.† The word ‘now’ stresses the mother and her son’s previous normal existence. This probably makes the reader have a lot of sympathy for the mother and feel sorry for her because she is losing her child. This also gives the reader an idea of the life that the mother provided for her son and how the war has completely changed their lives. Alice Walker writes ‘Poem at Thirty-Nine’ in first person. The poem is conveyed as very sad because she misses her father and the main feeling conveyed in this poem is love. The poem opens by saying, â€Å"How I miss my father†. Later in the poem she repeats the phrase â€Å"How I miss my father† to emphasize how much she misses him. At first the mood is regretful but as the poem goes on the mood changed and she thinks that her father would admire the woman she has become. D.H. Lawrence also writes ‘Piano’ in first person and also third person to reminisce and describe himself as a child listening to his mother playing piano. An example of first person in this poem is, â€Å"Taking me back down the vista of years, till I see† and an example of third person in this poem is, â€Å"A child sitting under the piano, in the boom of the tingling strings.† In this quote he refers to himself as â€Å"a child† because he is trying to distance himself from his childhood. This poem is conveyed  as depressing because it can cause readers to reminisce about their childhood and make them realize how much they actually miss it. The person speaking in ‘A Mother in a Refugee Camp’ is the author, Chinua Achebe, and the poem is written in third person. An example of third person in this poem is, â€Å"She held a ghost-smile between her teeth†. Although she was not happy, she put on a fake smile. The main feelings conveyed in this poem are sadness and love. The attitude towards the mother is admiration and how she is taking care of her son is touching. ‘Poem at Thirty-Nine† does not use any rhyming. It is also a free verse poem. This compliments her nature and it allows her to use the poem as an outpouring of feelings about her father. She uses the poem to express how she feels about her father and how she wishes he was around to see how she has grown up. ‘A Mother in a Refugee Camp’ is also a free verse poem. It does not have a rhyme scheme. It makes it seem like the mother’s life is hectic and not very organized because of how much she has to deal with everyday trying to take care of her dying son. Her life is filled with agony and suffering. However ‘Piano’ isn’t written in free verse. Each stanza has the same amount of lines and the poem uses rhyming couplets. The structure of the poem represents the security of D.H. Lawrence’s childhood and how safe he felt when he was sitting under the piano listening to his mother. In my opinion, these poems all discuss the same main topics which are love and sadness. I think that these poems will help many readers to think back to childhood memories that they are fond of and open up readers’ eyes to make them realize how much they actually miss being a child. My favorite poem is ‘A Mother in a Refugee Camp’ because I know a woman that is a close family friend who had to watch her young son slowly die from a deadly disease and that helps me to understand how hard it must have been for the mother in this poem to see her son die.

Issues and Prospects of Internet Legislation

The 90s marked the coming of an innovation, which proved the interconnectedness beyond time and space of the great unwashed and institutions. Internet persona had become general as infrastructures enabling its maximization request place and as markets and social organizations substance abuse it for various purposes be it in business, government activity or socialization.However, alongside its beneficial results toward faster communication and as information spreading facility, ar issues, which drove concerned groups to render lawmakings (i.e. cyber laws or internet laws) against irresponsible use of cyberspace to further selfish and nefarious ends. Some issues, which arise pertaining to the demand for legislation, are freedom of speech, jurisdiction, intellectual property and privacy.Yet, problems represent both in proposing for legislation and execution of existing laws usually due to the vagueness of the indemnity and complex realities behind Internet usage.Internet h as no boundaries whether jurisdictional or geographical hence, however the physical jurisdiction of the user whitethorn be subjected to the laws of his own area. Hence, legislation on cyber issues face the dilemma of identifying appropriate laws that whitethorn cover an offense made with Internet transaction. N championtheless, there are three common laws from which to choose from the laws in the call down where the user is located the laws of the country which hosts the legion and laws of the state where the correspondent user is located.What happens hence when there are fights in the laws of both or all of the above? This is one issue, which affects the decent legislative initiative same in fighting cyber crimes (e. g. cybersex, hacking and cyber act of terrorism)- the absence of a universal law in cyber-related matters hence, the conflict of laws issue. What complicated the situation further is the telephone circuit of privacy and freedom of speech amongst those who r epresent against critics of personal blogs and e-journals expressing liberally ones views against another.Likewise, intellectual property is a debated issue in the cyber world since transfer of files and share-out is easier now, therefore the neglect of IPR. The demand for legislation includes concerns toward regulation of content corresponding judicial procedures and strengthening securitization. Countries like capital of Singapore, Saudi Arabi, Tunisia and Iran had right control of information rather than rigorously observing policy-guided schemes. Then again, governments have been questioned vis a vis their authority to control information in blogspots, etc.The most alarming issue, which called for unity amongst actual countries in pushing for universal action, is cyber terrorism and cyber crimes. United States, Russia and EU member nations, Australia and Singapore are among those who enforced steps against those. The internationalist Computer Crime Conference in Norway push ed for the following formulation of multinational convention to combat cyber crimes and to push for national security measures policies.

Kate Cooper Case Essay

Green Meadows Hospital is new(a)ly constructed participation infirmary owned by Southern Hospitals Corporation. Kate make was genuinely excited when she got a new sic at Green Meadows as a theatre director of Adult Services. They started hiring multitude and were getting ready to loose the hospital. However, things did non go well as they p splitted and wanted to. Therefore, Kate had to resign. The biggest problem that I see in this was their unorganized management skills and smatters skills. They should w atomic number 18 to a greater extent prep atomic number 18d since they were new hospital and related to peoples lives simply from the beginning, it seemed desire they did not debate that it was a big of deal and fairish went it the f blue. communication theory at Green Meadows Hospital is more plausibly one federal agency communication. It started out with 2 modal value communication model fewhow, hardly it ended up having just one way communication model. At f irst, Alan seemed the exchange satisfactory he unders similarlyd Kates yett and encouraged her with her getting higher education and seemed like he was going to be a arduous supporter. However, it didnt re tout ensembley work out. It was always him grown her too oft(prenominal) work when even she told him that she does not think that she derriere handle altogether the responsibilities and kit and boodle due to her duties and school. in any case, There were never truly bottom of the inningdid communication or/and understanding among Doug, Alan, and Kate.2 way communication model would hit holeed their problems. blush though one way communication is a lot easier and faster, using 2 way communication is more accurate, quarter make fewer mistakes, and go out oblige fewer problems. They could wipe out asked questions to each(prenominal) new(prenominal), verbalize or so c one clockrns, and even make suggestions or modifications if they needed to. That would hav e helped them to understand each opposite, selective information that they should agnise about, and what is being communicated. This could have help them to cope information effectively and the team up could have accomplished breach.I would have to say that Doug and Alan both have the SIL style of mingled with S1 and S2. They both are roughlywhat directing and learn at the equivalent time. They seem like they are listening to their followers still the result shows us that they didnt rattling. At first he seemed like he was real encouraging and supporting his followers and he turned out to be in truth selfish and self-centered leader. To be a S3 or S4 leadership, they need to listen to their followers more since they are working with their patients directly and might know better than them. However, decisions were never do with the followers, instead the leaders made most(prenominal) of the decisions and just announced it. On the other hand, Kate is in the level of D 2. She has had some experiences as a charge nurse and a ho intent supervisor.Kate has some relevant skills with the new position precisely since she was new to this position and to the hospital, she needed some help from her leaders. I would say cock is in the level of D4. He just knew what he was doing and seemed like very assumption of what he was doing but like Alan, he was very selfish, seemed like he always thought about himself first instead thinking about the team as a whole. To help Kate and pricking, they could change their leaderships to S3. I think S4 would be too much for everyone with this situation, but having 2 way communication, when making decisions followers can be involved, but still the leaders can make the final decisions. Instead of Doug and Alan telling Kate and diaphysis what to do, they both can be involved and talk about what is going on at the hospital and talk about it to make it better or make a better decisions. Kate and Peter pull up stakes more feel like they are chief(prenominal) and depart be more motivated and arrange better.First theory is expectancy theory. If people regularise their effort into something and they perform to get the result. Between pose effort and performing they think that their effort will make them to attain their goals. Also between their operation and outcome, they expect specific result. Maslows Need hierarchy is the next theory. People have to have the low level of necessarily to have higher needs. Also once a need is satisfied, it is not a powerful motivator anymore. Third is Alderfers ERG Theory. This theory is somewhat similar to Maslows theory but slightly different. It has three sets of needs existence, relatedness, and growth. Unlike Maslows law ERG theory states that several different needs can be do at once and at the same time because they are all connected. This can either motivate or demotivate people.They should use ERG theory to prevent managers like Kate from resigning. E nvironment like hospitals should have existence needs, relatedness needs, and growth needs at the same time. They do not have time to wait for one thing to get befoole and go onto another. At the hospital they work with people. They should admire each other, not just compliments the leaders but as well leaders should respect the followers. And also they should have relationship that includes all the employees and share their thoughts, contend problems together, and try to find the solutions together. And people need some kind of motivations to work better with other people, be productive, or perform better. These can happen all at once. However, Kate did not get any respect from her co-worker or her leaders and also did not have any motivations. Alan just kept thrust her to the edge. He did not even ask her assessment and told her what to do. Again, there was no communication between them and that was the all important(predicate) problem that they had.a. Absence of Trust A t first, they combine each other, but as time goes by, they didnt really talk about the problems. They didnt even try to help each other out. They didnt talk about when Alan behaved unprofessionally and inappropriately. No body was really getting along well. b. Fear of Conflicts They should have worked as a team but seems like to me they were just working as an individual. They didnt respect each other, didnt care about each other, and usher out some issues that they were having. They didnt really try to fix problems but just covered up when they should have talked about Alans behavior or Peter taking Kates orientation dates.c. Lack of payload Since they dont trust each other, dont respect each other, it led them to have lack of commitment. No body really knew what they were really doing. Everyone was on their owns. There were no priorities, no directions, and had same problems over and over again Kate having too much responsibilities and work). d. Avoidance of Accountability Alan always gave Kate way too much work that she cannot even handle them. Alan and dirty money were supposed to be communication each other and lead them team but even they did not really communicate well and resulted in Alan overstepping Dougs positions. e. Inattention to results Because of all of the above, it got to the point where Kate was told that she had to end school. This clearly shows how Alans leadership style and ethics were very wrong.I would say, right now they are in the Storming deliver. It is the stage when hostilities and conflicts arise, and people jockey for positions of power and status. They cant go on to the next stage that is Norming stage if they cant solve the problems. Peter and Alan being selfish and having a self-centered leadership, having no communication among the team members, giving too much work and all the responsibilities to one manager, leaders unprofessional/inappropriate behavior should be all solved for them to continue to the Norming s tage. At Norming stage, the team members share their ideas, thought, goals, and develop closer relationship, which will lead them to perform better, and success as a whole. For Green Meadows Hospital, the most needed solution is communication.Communication is always important in any kind of situation. If they start communicating as a team, having regular meetings that will fabricate their trust. Trust is also important factor but with out communication, it cant be built. The leaders should have a heart for the company, should be able to motivate their followers, and should have right ethics. Leaders should not have any deception, fear, pride, or greed. Alan showed a lot of greed and deception in this case (telling Kate to quit school, unprofessional behaviors, not following his leaderetc). Of rails it is important to have great leadership skills but without a heart, they will have no followers. To have faithful, committed followers, then leaders should do it first.